Hinduism-6.

Let me clarify first the doubt expressed by my Buddhist friend.Mr.Cishanzia.He Buddhism budded from Hindu culture. Gouthama Buddha when He took birth the astrologers have told that the boy becomes a monk.Due to fear His father never let Him go out of the palace. When a swan got injury from the arrow He felt a lot and saved the life of swan and gave treatment. Later, when He happened to visit out side He saw one Old man walking with the help of a stick bending down, and later to that He saw a dead body taking to funeral ground. These scenes created much agony and apathy in the heart of Siddhartha and he left the home (the palace of the king) And went into a deep forest where He sat under a Big tree and became silent and started meditating and as doing so for several years He got self realization and came out from His meditation, and started walking as a pedestrian. People saw Him and started going behind Him. They became His disciples and started chanting- "Ahimso Paramodharma","Buddham Saranam gachami", Sangham Saranam gachami"; the evil of caste system present in Hindus has been plugged out. He showed sympathy on every body sinners too. Err is human. Actually every body is a sinner .Show one person who is not a sinner. Like wise which is that family in which there was no sorrow and death. These are the questions he posed. A lady who was a brothel got realisation and became the disciple of Buddha. She understands that the facial beauty is nothing; it will vanish soon after the age advances. .No body can be a as the age advances. Old age ever hugs. Death is certain to every body. People ran behind Him because of the corporal punishments for any small known or unknown mistakes they were facing by the Orders of Kings ruling in those days. Those who lost their body organs are being taken by the disciples of Buddha into the caves and used to give treatment to those suffer who got punishments. Naturally such Man is worshipped. The same is with Buddha. One thing we shouldn't forget Gouthama Buddha also started His meditation for self realization in the same procedure what the ancient Hindu sages did. Here Hindu customs and Lord Krishna's teachings in Bhagavad-Gita never accept leaving wife and child and go to forest for meditation while in youth. There are four steps for Hindus. After climbing all these steps finally one should reach the goal. First student, next marriage and family life, third is work for self and society in a righteous way. Finally become a monk. Exceptions are allowed for young bachelors. But, for the married he must fulfill the wishes of wife and children which Gouthama Buddha failed to perform. Simply He left the home without thinking of the family. This was probably the reason of Hindus to go back from Buddhism to Hindu culture. Ashoka the king became Buddhist after seeing several deaths in the war and cry of several ladies and children.Ashoka got realization and turned to be Buddhist; and turned several people to be Buddhists. Later after the arrival of Sankaracharya again the Hindus went into their own style of living and praying their own gods mentioned in Vedas. But Buddhism survived in Chaina, Japan, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. Actually Jesus Christ also was like Goutama Buddha, but showed some miracles. In case of Jesus Christ politics played a lot and He was sentenced to death on Cross. Even at the time of corporal punishment Jesus was so polite and said-Oh! Mylord my Father, these people did not know what they were doing. Please forgive them as I have shed blood for the benefit of the society. Because of all these things Jesus has got more disciples on the earth though every thing told in bible is not standing for facts and truth as the science now discovered.
Read article from Incredible India-
Arguably one of the greatest Indians who ever lived, Prince Siddhartha Gautama, later to be known as the Buddha, was the founder of Buddhism, one of the world's major religions.
Born in 563 B.C to King Suddhodana and Queen Mahamaya, in Lumbini, the young Hindu prince had an extremely sheltered luxurious upbringing. One day, on an outing in the royal parks, he saw 4 sights that would change him for ever: an old man; a diseased man; a corpse being followed by weeping mourners; and a saint, calm and peaceful. Shaken, he renounced his kingdom soon after the
Birth of his son Rahall, and dedicated him to seeking a release from the human miseries of old age, sickness and death. Initially, he took to extreme austerities, but the knowledge the he was seeking - the path to ending earthly misery - remained elusive. Then after long meditation, he made a realization - that only by conquering desire could one attain liberation.
Rejecting Brahman cal Hindu orthodoxy (most notably the caste system and ritual sacrifices), Prince Siddhartha, now known as Buddha - the enlightened one - preached the virtues of tolerance and moderation and propagated the three basic components of the Dharma , The Four Noble Truths, The Eightfold Path and The Middle Way . Buddhism soon spread through every strata of society (monks included Yasa, the son of a rich merchant; the Emperor Asoka; Bimbisara, the ruler of Magadha; Amrapali, a renowned courtesan; Angulimala, a hardened criminal) throughout India (at one time it was more widespread than Hinduism) and Asia, to Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tibet, Japan, Korea and even China.
As we observe the 2550 th anniversary of Buddha's mahaparinirvana , we pay homage to this great soul and the faith he founded.
Now Universal ONE is though seen as singular is not really one.It's plural .The One containing
Positive&negetive (+ and -), North Pole and South Pole, finally male and female. Knowing this fact
Hindus told Lord Shiva 50:50, Left side Parvathi and Right side Shiva; Brahma’s wife Sarasvathi (female) on His tongue. Lord Vishnu bearing Lakshmi Devi on His chest towards left side.
These are the three main G(g)ods who are thought to be the main Gods of Hindus.
These are not singular but dual. Both wife and husband in the same anatomical structure for an ordinary person. Probably Hindus tell that both men and women are equal which is told by Hindus. True it's a fact! But, if you deeply study according to science -Who’s life? Life is nothing but RNA- converting to DNA and vise versa is the process.
It is a continuous and UN interrupted process. If at any stage this process is stopped think that it is Death! The RNA and DNA strands are just like spiral ladders attached to each other couldn't be separated easily. On these ladders the proteins amino acids (essential amino acids 18 but now known
21. These both numbers are important to Hindu philosophy. Which will be clarified later? ) In each turn there are 10 base pairs. There are four important -Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)DeOxy ribose, are the two links in these FOUR - 1.ADENINE, 2. THYMINE,3.GUANINE,4.CYTOSINE.
BY THIS ONE CAN UNDERSTAND One is not one Two the strands and again these Two are
not two but FOUR. Present on that spiral ladder.
With the courtesy of the concerned author.
Again see the transcription present in RNA. They consist co dons and non codons.Protein chains in the enzyme.
Structure and function of DNA
DNA molecules are incredibly long, but also very thin. One DNA molecule from the chromosome of a mammal may be about 1 m long when unraveled. However, it has to fit in a nucleus of some 5-6 orders of magnitude smaller and is folded up in chromosomes in a highly organized manner. DNA is a linear polymer that is composed of four different building blocks, the nucleotides. It is in the sequence of the nucleotides in the polymers where the genetic information carried by chromosomes is located. Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: (1) a nitrogenous base known as purine (adenine (A) and guanine (G)) or pyrimidine (cytosine (C) and thymine (T)); (2) a sugar, deoxyribose; and (3) a phosphate group (see pp. 20-22 of Molecular Biotechnology for molecular structures of DNA and its components). The nitrogenous base determines the identity of the nucleotide, and individual nucleotides are often referred to by their base (A, C, G, or T). One DNA strand can be up to several hundred million nucleotides in length. T can form a hydrogen bond with A, and C with G; two DNA strands wind together in an antiparallel fashion in a double-helix.
Inside the cell, the DNA acts like an "instruction manual": in its sequence, it provides all the information needed to function, but the actual work of translating the information into a medium that can be used directly by the cell is done by RNA, ribonucleic acid. The structural difference with DNA is that RNA contains a -OH group both at the 2' and 3' position of the ribose ring, whereas DNA (which stands, in fact, for deoxy-RNA) lacks such a hydroxy group at the 2' position of the ribose. See http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/molecules/nucleic/sugars.html. The same bases
can be attached to the ribose group in RNA as occur in DNA, with the exception that in RNA thymine does not occur, and is replaced by uracil, which has an H-group instead of a methyl group at the C-5 position of the pyrimidine. The molecular structures of uracil and thymine are compared at http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/molecules/nucleic/bases.html. The RNA has three functions: (a) it serves as the messenger that tells the cell (the ribosomes) what protein to make (messenger RNA; mRNA); (b) it serves as part of the structure of the ribosome, the protein/RNA complex that synthesizes proteins according to the information presented by the mRNA (ribosomal RNA; rRNA); and (c) it functions to bring amino acids (the constituents of the proteins) to the ribosome when a specific amino acid "is called for" by the information on the mRNA to be put in into the
protein that is being synthesized; this RNA is called transfer RNA (tRNA).
An important point of emphasis should be that all vegetative cells of one organism contain the same genetic information. Upon division, each daughter cell obtains an "exact" copy of the DNA of the parent (see http://accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/dna_replicating.html). However, the specific genes that are expressed at specific times may be very different between different tissues. These differences in gene expression allow for the regulation of development of the organism, and for the development of different tissues. For the most part, DNA-binding proteins (encoded by the DNA) play an important role in the regulation of expression of genes encoded on the DNA. A very important "chicken-and-egg" problem.....
RNAs
The messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as an intermediate between DNA and protein. Parts of the DNA are "transcribed" into transcripts (single-stranded RNA molecules) that are processed to mRNA. In prokaryotes the transcript generally does not need to be processed, and can serve as mRNA right away. Transcription starts at a specific site on the DNA called a promoter. Each gene or operon has its own promoter(s). Transcription ends at a terminator sequence on the DNA. The transcripts usually are 300-50,000 nucleotides long, and contain the information to make protein. In eukaryotes (organisms with cells containing a nucleus; in fact, any higher organism) generally the transcripts needs to be processed before they can serve as a blueprint for a protein. The processing involves the removal of intervening sequences (introns) in the gene. The introns may be anywhere between 50 and 10,000 nucleotides in length. The coding regions of the mRNA are called exons. There may be up to 100 introns in a single gene. The introns are spliced out by small ribonucleoprotein particles (consisting of RNA and protein), which appear to pull the two ends of the intron together. However, there are also introns that splice out without the need of a protein: the RNA sequence itself appears to contain sufficient information to know where to splice out the intron. In addition to the removal of introns, a poly-A sequence is added to the 3’ end of the transcript. The processed transcript is the mRNA, and the information in the mRNA can be used to be "translated" into a protein of specific sequence. However, in prokaryotes introns are rare and mRNA generally does not get processed before translation.

The intron splicing process provides an opportunity to increase the amount of usable genetic information without increasing the genome size of the organism: Alternative splicing of a particular transcript can occur. Alternative splicing means that introns may be recognized in different ways in different molecules of the same primary transcript, and the result is that one gene can give rise to different mRNAs and thereby to different proteins. Note that this process is largely limited to eukaryotes as introns in prokaryotes are rare.
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are essential components of an important part of the protein synthesis machinery: the ribosomes. In addition to rRNA, there are some 70 different proteins in a ribosome. There are hundreds of copies of rRNA genes per genome, thus making the production of lots of rRNA possible. There are four different rRNAs, each with a different size. Each ribosome contains one molecule of each of the four rRNA types. In prokaryotes, ribosomes bind to the mRNA close to the translation start site. This ribosome binding site is referred to as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence or as the ribosome recognition element. In eukaryotes, ribosomes bind at the 5' end of the mRNA and scan down the mRNA until they encounter a suitable start codon.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes, to enable the ribosomes to put this
amino acid on the protein that is being synthesized as an elongating chain of amino acid residues, using the information on the mRNA to "know" which amino acid should be put on next. For each kind of amino acid, there is a specific tRNA that will recognize the amino acid and transport it to the protein that is being synthesized, and tag it on to the protein once the information on the mRNA calls for it.
All tRNAs have the same general shape, sort of resembling a clover leaf. Parts of the molecule fold back in characteristic loops, which are held in shape by nucleotide-pairing between different areas of the molecule. There are two parts of the tRNA that are of particular importance: the aminoacyl attachment site and the anticodon. The aminoacyl attachment site is the site at which the amino acid
is attached to the tRNA molecule. Each type of tRNA specifically binds only one type of amino acid. The anticodon (three bases) of the tRNA base-pairs with the appropriate mRNA codon at the mRNA-ribosome complex. This temporarily binds the tRNA to the mRNA, allowing the amino acid carried by the tRNA to be incorporated into the polypeptide in its proper place. Thus, the sequence of the codon (three bases) in the mRNA dictates the amino acid to be put in in the protein at a specific site. The "dictionary" of codons coding for amino acids is called the genetic code. A summary of the amino acids that the 64 possible codons encode can be found at http://molbio.info.nih.gov/molbio/desk.html (choose "Table of Standard Genetic Code" for a codon table, and "Amino Acid Structure and Properties" for information regarding the amino acids). The three codons for which there is no matching tRNA (UAA, UGA, and UAG) serve as "stop-translation" signals at which the ribosome falls off.
Protein synthesis
After having discussed DNA and the various RNAs, the stage has been set for protein synthesis. The basic reaction of protein synthesis is the controlled formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids. This reaction is repeated many times, as each amino acid in turn is added to the growing polypeptide. Protein synthesis starts when the mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit near a AUG sequence in the mRNA. The AUG codon is called start codon, since it codes for the first amino acid (a methionine) to be made of the protein. The AUG codon base-pairs with the anticodon of tRNA carrying methionine. A large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex, and the reactions of protein synthesis itself can begin. The aminoacyl-tRNA to be called for next is determined by the next codon (the next three bases) on the mRNA. Each amino acid is coded for by one or more (up to six) codons. Of course, it would be more straightforward to have each amino acid coded for by only one codon, but nature appears to have chosen a more complex route. The reason for this in part is that there are 20 different amino acids, and 4x4x4=64 different combinations possible in a codon. When the ribosome reaches one of the three codons for which there is no matching tRNA, the ribosome falls off and the synthesized protein is released. The degeneracy of the genetic code for certain amino acids could have a function in regulation of translation; any idea how? The process of protein synthesis has been summarized on pages 34-38 of Molecular Biotechnology, and can also be found on the web at http://accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/protein_synthesis.html translation (in conjunction with transcription) and http://accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/dna_molecule.html.
Amino acids represent quite a broad spectrum of different chemical structures. The web address http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/molecules/amino/ provides the structure of all amino acids. With the generation of a protein with a specific amino acid sequence using essentially the genetic information present in the DNA, the link between genetic and functional information is complete.
RNA editing
Over the last several years, it has become obvious that the sequence present in DNA does not always dictate literally the sequence of the protein. In a number of instances "RNA editing" has been observed (particularly in the small genomes present in mitochondria and chloroplasts), in which transcripts are chemically modified (for example, some Cs are changed to Us) by enzymes before translation takes place. Thus, the DNA sequence in such cases does not precisely correlate with the sequence of the gene product (the protein). One thus needs to compare sequences from DNA and protein (or from DNA and processed RNA) if one suspects that RNA editing can occur. The function of RNA editing has not been elucidated yet.
Questions, Chapter 3
1. Just to provide yourself with a perspective on how much genetic flexibility there is, calculate how many different sequences of 150 nucleotides long could exist that would code for a short, 50-amino-acid protein. And how many different ways are there to make a short protein of 50 amino acids? What would be the answer if you had a large, 6000 nucleotide long sequence that coded for a large protein of 2000 amino acids?
2. Some prokaryotes grow at very high temperature (70-100 °C) and are called thermophiles. Organisms living in the deep sea where the pressure (and thus the boiling point of water) is very high grow at even higher temperatures and are called extremophiles. A group of these prokaryotes,
named archaea, have now been found to contain DNA-binding proteins, whereas other thermophilic prokaryotes are found to have a very high GC content (and thus a low AT content) in their DNA. Can you explain why this would be?
These things have to be decided by some bio-chemistry expert.
For the transcription of genes the RNA DNA strands get separated and they will send the genes to next generation as I know. This has to be confirmed by genetics.
In Physics and Meta physics- positive and negative and also north and south poles hold good.
As per life in the cell Cyto plasm and nucleus hold good. In botany protoplasm and nucleus hold good. These are the probabilities which I think.
As per the evolution process Lord Vishnu giving birth to Brahma holds good. Actually these two are 2x2=4.Also 3+3=6.which will be narrated later.
Let's think of pregnancy in human being (Of course, the pregnancy in different animals differ gestation periods and other processes differ. As per individual species this varies. What ever may the species the ratio of the things will differ.But, every life has to go on in the same process?
From here a multiplication comes mother=3, father=3, if multiplied 3x3=9.again the child=3, existing lord Shiva .Hence the number is 9x3= 27. the so called number of stars as calculated by Hindus from Aswani to Revathi. Externally these 27 stars are present on the sky. These stars rule the foetus internally. The Universe our solar system has got 9 planets 1.Sun, 2.Moon, 3.Mars, 4.Mercury, 5.Jupiter, 6.Venus, 7.Saturn. 8. Neptune. 9. Pluto. The 10 is not taken into consideration. That is Uranus as this planet doesn’t have any effect on earth. (The expert
Astrologers should tell.) Now the fourth one comes as is calculated by Hindus. Each Star is a four footed (animal) all these planets must enter and pass through each star. Hence, these 27 are multiplied with 4. 27x4=108. This number is important to Hindus. They chant every mantra up to 108 to get the results. Further, as per the Time calculations there are 4 times.3 times already passed behind and now running in the last final Kali Yuga. Krutha,Tretha,Dwapara and Kaliyugas
Are being told by Hindus in their Puranas. So also if this 27 s multiplied with four the answer are 108. These are the basic principles of their calculation of time eliments, the planets and the stars.
Really if man goes into the space there there will be no time which is known to Hindus. In their Mantras they say- Though there is no time (as God is not time bounded, as per the human beings to make to understand the time was divided and in that at this so and so time, in the year so and soon the tidhi date so and so ,(Tidhi is one way the date .) Hindus follow both solar and lunar calculations. 30 days a month in lunar system one to fifteen,upto full moon day.and again 1 to 15 days in no moon nights.Next they tell the name of the week day (like Sunday Monday to Saturday),and also they tell the place where they are starting their prayer or worship; and also the importance of the place where they stand at that time and also about the sacred rivers present surrounding that place, and also the principal God(s) present in that area, along with the sub gods of that particular place, and also the sub gods who are watching and guarding that place are being remembered and asked to come in front of them for the worship they are going to start. In the number 18, 1 is Universal One. 8 is God. The Universal One practices for the attainment divinity, and becomes godly. Thus the 18 number became favorite for Hindus.Bhagavadgitha is having 18 adhyayas-chapters? Their Puranas are 18 in number.The good olden days poets gave importance to this 18 and they will try to bring to a full shape in 18 chapters their writings.Further, taking "0"Zero
Granting no value they write in 108 poems, 108 times chanting mantra, and so and so on. 1008 is
Also taken if they could not fulfill their telling in 108 poems. According to science though there are more amino acids, only 18 are the essential amino acids for the body which I added. Hindu’s writings are not like a joke or fun. All of their writings and deeds will be having some meaning. Look into Bhagavad-Gita and see how this spiritual number 18 is shown.
Chapters in Githa=18, Days of War between Pandavas and kouravas=18 days. Number of soldiers participated in the war= 18 Akshouhinis.The number of parvas in Mahabharata=18 divided (Asvasas)
Elephants in war=21870=2+1+8+7+0=18. Chariots=21870=2+1+8+7+0=18;
Horses=65610=6+5+6+1+0=18; Ground fight soldiers=109350=1+0+9+3+5+0=18;
To attain eternal bliss there are 5 stories in the body, the stairs leading to these 5 stories are 18 in number. Temple stair steps will also are 18;While performing righteous deeds for the performance 18 Rithviks are needed who chant mantras and will teach how to perform the yagna.Easavyasa mantras are 18 in number. Second chapter of Githa description of soul number of slokas=18;
In the same second chapter the will Power description of man is described in 18 Slokas.The Universal mother is having 18 hands(Durga).Further now they have added attaining of age 18 to become a major. By this we can understand that every thing what ever is being done by Hindus
Are with knowledge and for a purpose. Reason and logic is present in their deeds and works. Nothing was written as per individual whims and fancies.
To be continued.